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The activins and inhibins are glycoproteins that belong to the transforming growth factor-beta-like (TGF-b-like) superfamily of growth factors. These factors transduce their signals by interacting with two types of receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate members of the SMAD family of transcription factors, thereby promoting their nuclear localization. SMAD2 and 3 can form a complex with the activin receptor in a ligand-dependent manner. This complex formation is rapid but also transient. Indeed, soon after their association with the activin receptor, SMAD2 and SMAD3 are released i
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